ORIGINAL ARTICLEClinical guidelines for the prevention and treatmentof osteoporosis: summary statements and recommendations from the Italian Society for Orthopaedics and TraumatologyUmberto Tarantino1 · Giovanni Iolascon2 · Luisella Cianferotti3 · Laura Masi3 · Gemma Marcucci3 ·Francesca Giusti3 · Francesca Marini3 · Simone Parri3 · Maurizio Feola1 · Cecilia Rao1 · Eleonora Piccirilli1 · Emanuela Basilici Zanetti4 · Noemi Cittadini4 · Rosaria Alvaro4 · Antimo Moretti2 · Dario Calafiore2 ·Giuseppe Toro2 · Francesca Gimigliano2 · Giuseppina Resmini5 · Maria Luisa Brandi3© The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publicationAbstractBackground The Italian Society for Orthopaedics andTraumatology conceived this guidance—which is primar- ily addressed to Italian orthopedic surgeons, but should also prove useful to other bone specialists and to general practi- tioners—in order to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis and its consequences.Materials and methods Literature reviews by a multidis-ciplinary team.Results The following topics are covered: the role ofinstrumental, metabolic, and genetic evaluations in the diag- nosis of osteoporosis; appraisal of the risk of fracture and thresholds for intervention; general strategies for the preven- tion and treatment of osteoporosis (primary and secondary prevention); the pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis; the setting and implementation of fracture liaison services for tertiary prevention. Grade A, B, and C recommendations Maria Luisa Brandimarialuisa.brandi@unifi.it1 Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation, Orthopaedicsand Traumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy2 Department of Medical and Surgical Specialtiesand Dentistry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy3 Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgeryand Translational Medicine, University Hospital of Florence, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy4 Nursing Science, Center of Excellence for Cultureand Nursing Research—IPASVI, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy5 Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Centrefor the Study of Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease, Treviglio-Caravaggio Hospital, Bergamo, Italyare provided based on the main levels of evidence (1–3). Toolboxes for everyday clinical practice are provided.Conclusions The first up-to-date Italian guidelines for theprimary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are presented.Keywords Fracture · Fracture liaison service · Guidance · Bisphosphonates · Denosumab · Teriparatide · StrontiumranelateScope of the guidelinesThese recommendations were conceived by the Italian Soci- ety for Orthopaedics and Traumatology (Società Italiana di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, SIOT), which was founded in Rome (Italy) in 1892 to promote continuous education in the field of modern orthopedics [1]...
